Guidance on the whole mechanization of double-season late rice production (Trial)

[ China Agricultural Machinery Industry News ] In response to the production characteristics of the main production areas of the double-season late rice in southern China, the Ministry of Agriculture's main crop production mechanization promotion expert guidance group and the Ministry of Agriculture agricultural mechanization technology development and extension station jointly formulated this guidance, aiming to strengthen the agricultural machinery Agronomic integration to improve the mechanization level of late rice production. All localities should formulate and improve the corresponding mechanization technology of late rice production in accordance with the guidance of this guide and the actual production, and promote the healthy development of mechanized technology in the whole process of late rice production.

First, mechanical tillage

Due to the tight seasons in the double-season rice area, it is necessary to prepare the land in time after harvesting in early rice. Rotary tillers, inverted rotary tillers, rake plows, paddy field grouting machines, paddy fields, and other large and medium-sized tractors can be used. Flat beater and so on. In the hilly mountainous area, the cultivating machine can be used to match the small tractor; in the paddy field with deep mud feet, the crawler tractor can be used to carry out the tillage and land preparation work. The depth of ploughing is uniform and uniform, the field is flat, and the height difference of the surface is not more than 3cm; the surface is clean, no debris, weeds and other debris; the soil layer is broken and pasteed, and the soil is smashed and smashed; The water is not exposed to mud, solid and not knotted. When the machine is working, it is not trapped or muddy, that is, it should meet the quality requirements of “flat, clean, finely crushed and solid”.

It is recommended to use early rice straw to return to the field to enhance the soil fertility. When harvesting early rice, the harvester is required to have a chopping uniform spreading device. The length of the straw chopping is ≤10cm, and the cutting height is ≤15cm. Under the condition of returning straw to field, it is necessary to increase the application of nitrogen fertilizer, reduce the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and increase the application of pure nitrogen by 1 kg per 100 kg of straw. It is better to choose ammonium nitrogen or urea. When the straw is returned to the field, the working route is determined according to the specific shape of the field, and the number of times of re-cultivation, missing tillage and corner turning is avoided or avoided as much as possible. The general operation is repeated twice, and the speed can be slightly faster, twice. The work should be crossed vertically and horizontally. It can be used with medium-sized tractors to increase the depth of tillage or rotary ploughing. Generally, the depth of ploughing is 18~22cm, the depth of rotary tillage is 12~16cm, and the depth of straw returning is controlled at 16cm~20cm. For more than 2 years, the rotary tillage plot should be appropriately increased. Tillage or rotary tillage should be combined with the application of organic fertilizers and other base fertilizers, and organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers should be combined to allow the fertilizers to be buried in the soil and mixed with the soil layer.

Second, sowing and breeding

(1) Variety selection

The double-season rice area should consider the reasonable combination of the growth period of early rice and late rice varieties to achieve mechanized high yield in double season. According to the local ecological conditions, planting system, planting season, production mode, etc., choose to pass the national or local certification and the main ripening period in the mature stage, early maturity, late planting, late planting, quick tillering, strong sensitivity, high temperature during seedling period, It has strong cold tolerance in the late stage and can be safely filled with mature, high-yield, anti-falling and suitable for mechanized transplanting.

(2) Education mode

Cultivating age-appropriate sorghum is the basis for stable yield and high yield of transplanted rice. It is appropriate to select suitable machine-planting and breeding mode according to the production conditions, and promote the breeding technology of strong-mixing soil, matrix replacement bed soil, mechanized germination, and seeding line. Seedling quality and breeding efficiency, as much as possible, focus on breeding, standard operation, centralized management, standard production.

Centralized nursery should be mechanized, concentrated soaking, germination, dark seeding, seedling temperature and humidity, and water and fertilizer management to reduce the risk of late rice breeding, provide standardized seedlings; centralized breeding must be scientifically laid out, economical, and moderately scaled. It is convenient for unified management and convenient for lifting and transporting.

In areas where conditions permit, it is possible to use greenhouse breeding or factory breeding, or to use field breeding or field mud breeding. According to the growth period and the mouth of the mouth to determine the appropriate sowing date, sowing amount and age, late rice especially needs to pay attention to temperature control and humidity control, to prevent high temperature and high humidity, the seedlings are long, resulting in weak seedlings; using the field breeding, can build a sunshade net to prevent high temperature exposure and Heavy rain washes out, resulting in uneven seedlings; high temperature during late rice growing, and fast growth of seedlings. During the nursery period, the paclobutrazol and the bantamazole wettable powder can be applied to the foliar spray to delay the vertical growth of the seedlings. speed.

(three) seedbed preparation

Choose a field with convenient drainage, sufficient sunshine, medium fertility, easy management and convenient transportation to make a field (or a greenhouse seedbed), and prepare for the field according to the ratio of 1:80 to 120 in Putian and Daejeon. The rice seedling substrate or bed soil suitable for the region is selected. The soil of the seedling bed is required to be acidified, fertilized and disinfected. The pH value of the late rice seedling soil is 5.5-6.5, and the substrate is promoted in a conditional area. If you use the Daejeon Dianchi to raise the oysters, the ploughing and ploughing will be carried out one week before sowing. According to the standard of “the upper paste, the deep ditch, the fat grass, the soft and hard”, the shovel will be opened to make sure that it is good. Ventilation, water permeability. The Dianchi is 1.4m~1.5m wide and smooth and smooth; the ditch is 0.25m~0.30m wide and 0.15m~0.20m deep; the surrounding ditch is opened and the ditch is slightly deep to ensure the smooth flow of the water system.

(4) Suitable sowing

The sowing date is determined according to the characteristics of rice varieties, the safety of the sorghum and the late rice, and the specific time is determined according to the early rice harvesting period and the planting method. Generally, the sowing date is reversed according to the age of 15 to 20 days, and the seeding and planting plan is completed in stages. To prevent over-age transplanting. The germination rate of the selected rice seeds is required to be more than 85%. Before sowing, the plants should be well-dressed, de-mantleed, seeded, immersed in seeds and germinated. 3 to 5 days before soaking seeds, choose sunny days for 3 to 4 hours, and hybrid rice should be spread out without ventilation; seed selection can be selected by air selection, screening or water selection. Water selection is generally yellow mud water or salt water, and the specific gravity of the solution is 1.05~ 1.10, after washing, wash with water, soak seeds, and promote germination with soaking and germination machine. According to the requirements of mechanical equipment and seed germination, set the indicators such as temperature and humidity, and germination to achieve "fast, uniform, uniform and strong".

For sowing, mechanized precision seeding should be used. Seedling sowing lines or orbital seeding machines can be used. Field mud seedlings can also be planted with field seeders. Advocate the planting of the line, directly complete the soil filling, watering (including disinfection, fertilization), precision sowing, covering the topsoil. The amount of water for sowing must be such that the bottom of the pan is moist, the surface is free of water, and there is no dripping at the bottom of the pan. After sowing the soil, it can wet the bed soil. Perform mechanical adjustment before sowing to determine the appropriate seed sowing amount, subsoil amount and soil cover. The thickness of the subsoil is generally 2.2-2.5 cm, and the thickness of the overburden is 0.3-0.6 cm. It is required to cover the soil evenly and not to expose the seeds.

The sowing amount of late rice is determined according to the type of variety, season and plate size. The conventional rice seeding rate (30cm row spacing) is generally 100-120g/pan, about 30-35 per mu. Hybrid rice can reduce the seeding amount according to the characteristics of the variety. , generally 70 ~ 90 g / disk; narrow row (25 cm line spacing) 秧 disk according to the width of the line (30cm line spacing) of the 秧 disk for the corresponding reduction adjustment, about 35-45 per acre. Seeding requires uniform mass and no heavy weight.

(5) Seedling management

Take the method of raising the field, and darken the plate of the seeded seedlings to promote the seedlings and seedlings, then move them to the Ikeda field and place them on the prepared sampans. It can be used to build arch sheds, cover shade nets, prevent rainstorms and bird damage. Moisture management should ensure the realization of dry cultivation, keep the soil of the seesaw moist and oxygen supply sufficient, and expose the shading net or non-woven fabric in time after emergence. After the seedlings see green, the growth regulator is controlled according to the age of the machine and the variety, and the growth is generally 300ppm. The paclobutrazol solution was sprayed evenly with 30 kg of water per acre. 3 to 4 days before transplanting, Tianqing will fill the semi-ditch water seedlings, or release water to refine the seedlings. Before the transplanting, spray the pesticide on the seedlings to make the pesticides transplanted, so as to effectively control the pests and diseases of the lived trees in the field.

The standard of Zhuangjing suitable for machine transplanting should be that the root system is developed, the seedling height is suitable, the stem base is thick, the leaves are green, the green is disease-free, and it is even and tidy. The roots are short, white, thick, and numerous, and the knots are firm and can not be lifted. Late rice leaves range from 3.5 to 4.0 leaves, seedling height is 12 to 22 cm, and age is 15 to 20 days. After transplanting, it has strong rooting and stress resistance, and can be rooted early, live early, and early seedlings.

Third, mechanical transplanting

(1) Seedling preparation

According to the time and schedule of the machine insertion, the creping time will be arranged, and the seedling tray and the transporting frame will be promoted. When the seedlings are transported to Tiantou, they should be unloaded and laid flat, so that the seedlings can be naturally stretched; so as to follow the movement, the number of movements of the clams can be reduced as much as possible to avoid squeezing and crushing the seedlings, deformation of the clams and breaking of the seedlings during transportation. . The seedlings to be transplanted into the field should be protected from sunburn and sunburn. The shading measures should be taken to prevent the seedlings from losing water.

(2) Mechanical preparation

Before transplanting, check and debug the transplanter. According to the instruction manual of the transplanter, adjust the planting distance, the amount of picking and the depth of planting. The rotating parts should be filled with lubricating oil and run for 5 to 10 minutes. The moving parts of the machine are flexible and have no collision and jamming to ensure the normal operation of the rice transplanter. Before installing the seedlings, move the crate to one end of the guide rail (so that the claws are inserted from the end of the bracts), and then install the seedlings to avoid leakage. The block should be close to the box and not arched. The joints of the two pieces should be aligned without leaving a gap. If necessary, water should be sprinkled between the block and the box to lubricate the panel and make the block slide smoothly.

(3) Machine insertion requirements

According to rice varieties, planting season, and tray specifications, the appropriate type of rice transplanter is selected, and high-speed rice transplanter operation is advocated to improve work efficiency and planting quality. Machine insertion requires uniform seedlings, uniform depth, general leakage rate ≤ 5%, scar rate ≤ 4%, rafting rate ≤ 3%, transplanting depth is 1 ~ 3cm, suitable for shallow planting, is conducive to low node Distribution.

According to rice varieties and planting season, the appropriate planting density is selected. A narrow row (25cm) rice transplanter can be used. The conventional rice plant spacing is 12~16cm, 3~5 plants per hole, the planting density is 1.7~220,000 holes/mu; the hybrid rice plant spacing is 14-17cm, 2~3 plants per hole, planting density. 1.6 ~ 2 million holes / acre. Synchronous deep fertilization transplanter operation is recommended to improve fertilizer efficiency.

Fourth, field management

(1) Reasonable fertilization

According to the target yield of rice and soil fertility in paddy fields, combined with the requirements of formula fertilization, rationally formulate the amount of fertilization and cultivate high-yield groups. Advocate the application of organic fertilizer, NPK fertilizer. The amount of fertilizer applied is determined according to the soil fertility status, target yield and variety type in the region (see the table for fertilization). Generally, organic fertilizers and compound fertilizers are used as base fertilizers, which can be applied by mechanical fertilizer applicators before land preparation, and applied to soil by ploughing. Potassium fertilizer is applied according to 50% of tillering fertilizer and panicle fertilizer; nitrogen fertilizer is applied according to 50% of base fertilizer, 30% of tiller fertilizer and 20% of panicle fertilizer.

Fertilizer demand for high-yield cultivation of late rice in different rice fields (kg/mu)

(2) Water management

Use shallow wet dry irrigation mode. After the machine is inserted, the live greening period should generally maintain a shallow water layer of 1~3cm. The straw returning field should have 2~3 times of exposed fields in the two leaf ages after planting, in order to facilitate the harmful effects of the returning straw in the decomposing process. The gas is released, and then a 2 to 3 cm shallow water layer is established in combination with the application of manure. When the number of stems in the whole field reaches about 80% of the expected number of spikes, the rice field ditching machine is used to open the ditch, and the soil is drained in time. After repeated lighting, the soil is not settled, the leaves are lifted up, and the leaves are yellow. Intermittent irrigation in shallow water layer after jointing promotes root growth, controls the internode length and plant height, makes the plant type tall and straight, resists falling, and improves the light receiving posture. The flowering and fruiting period is shallow wet irrigation, which keeps the number of live roots and the number of green leaves, and the plants are mature and mature, and the seed setting rate and grain weight are improved.

(3) Prevention and control of pests and diseases

Pay attention to prevent major pests and diseases. Strengthen monitoring and early warning, implement district policy, classified guidance, and rule in the region to implement prevention and control of key pests such as rice blast, sheath blight, bacterial blight, and rice planthopper, aphids, armyworm and rice leaf roller Key technology. According to the different pests and diseases of rice, rational use of drugs, promotion of selection, low-toxic (biological) pesticides and biological and physical control techniques, implementation of pesticides, reduce pollution. Vigorously carry out unified prevention and control, group defense and group management, improve the control effect, curb the epidemic hazards of major pests and diseases, and achieve "infested food."

Grass damage prevention. In the first week before the machine is inserted, the herbicide is applied to close the grass, and the water is kept for 3 to 4 days after application. The herbicide was applied according to the weed species within 1 week after the machine was inserted. The water layer was 3 to 5 cm and the water retention was 3 to 4 days. The conditional area was mechanically cultivated and weeded 2 weeks after the machine was inserted. The water layer is 3 to 5 cm.

For different business scales and different plot sizes, plant protection machinery such as vehicle-mounted, stretcher, boom or drone can be used according to local conditions. The contiguous scale planting can be carried out by self-propelled high-altitude plant protection machinery and aircraft for unified defense; hilly mountainous areas and scattered small plots, self-propelled plant protection machinery is difficult to field, frequently turning the wheel to crush the seedlings, optional small Hand-held plant protection machinery for drones or stretchers; economically underdeveloped areas, mainly based on stretcher hand-held plant protection machinery.

Fifth, mechanical harvest

(1) Harvest time

When most rice ears turn yellow, more than 95% of japonica rice turns yellow, and more than 90% of japonica rice leaves can be mechanically harvested to prevent cutting. Choose the right harvesting machine according to different plots, choose sunny weather and harvest in time. The combined harvest should be operated after the rain and dew water has basically disappeared; the harvest should be harvested 4 to 5 days before the ripening and timely threshing.

(2) Machine preparation

It is recommended to use a harvester with a stalk chopping and throwing device to facilitate straw returning and burying operations. Check the commissioning machinery before the operation, check, debug and maintain the harvesting machinery to ensure good mechanical performance. At the same time, prepare for the removal of foreign bodies in the field and the harvesting of the road before the operation according to the harvesting method.

(3) Technical requirements

A full-feed or semi-feed combine harvester with a stalk chopping device is recommended, with a stub height not exceeding 10 cm.

According to the growth of rice, the correct speed of harvesting is used, and the full-width work is used. When dew or rain crops are wet, it is not advisable to harvest immediately, and then harvest after the rice is dried. When harvesting the fallen crops, reduce the header to a suitable height, move the reel forward, and correctly select the harvesting direction, which is the reverse direction; when harvesting rice with a lodging angle greater than 45°, adopt one-way upslope or vertical lodging Direction harvesting.

The total loss rate of the fully fed rice combine harvester is ≤3%, the breaking rate is ≤2%; the total loss rate of the semi-feeding rice combine harvester is ≤2.5%, the breaking rate is ≤0.5%; the harvester harvesting rice requires neat laying, The position is correct, there is no missing cut, and the loss rate is <1%.

Sixth, straw treatment

At the time of harvesting the late rice, use the straw chopping device brought by the semi-feed combine harvester or the full-feed combine harvester with the straw chopping device, and the chopped straw is evenly scattered in the field to facilitate the squatting. Planting. It is necessary to implement the area where the straw is used in comprehensive utilization, and the straw can not be chopped to facilitate the baling of the straw.

Seven, mechanical drying

(1) Technical points

After harvesting, the rice should be dried or aired in a grain dryer to the standard water content (13.5% in indica and 14.5% in indica). Before the rice is dried, the awning and the first clearing should be carried out. The removal rate is ≥85%, the impurity content is ≤2%, and there are no long stems, sack ropes, polyethylene film and other debris. Before the drying, the initial moisture content of the rice should be determined. The difference in moisture content of the same batch of dried rice should be ≤ 2%, and the rice with large difference in water content should be dried separately.

(2) Machine matching

The grain dryer is generally configured with a low temperature circulating dryer according to the drying batch and production scale configuration.

The location of the drying workshop should be close to the main grain producing area, convenient transportation, away from the humidity area, and there is enough food for drying all the year round, so that the drying machinery can maintain relatively balanced production, in order to achieve economies of scale.